Every family, alphabetical.

The royal house of Gwynedd, Llywelyn the Great's line, ended at Cilmeri in 1282.

Son of Adam.

Son of Alain, the Breton first name carried to England by William's followers.

Son of Andrew, the saint that gave Scotland its flag, and the patronymic that crossed every shire.

Son of Andrew, apostle, patron saint, common name.

Strong-of-arm, the most feared of the Border riding clans.

Son of Atkin, a name from the northern dales.

From the East Saxon woman's fort, broadcasting dynast roots.

The steward of the bailey, castle administration in one syllable.

Lawyers, soldiers, and statesmen of Lanarkshire and the north-east.

The baker, oven smoke in every market town.

Bankers and proconsuls, the sixth great power of Europe.

By the barn.

Bartholomew's short name, northern genitive.

Of the bell, locative, occupational, or pseudonymous.

Blessed Benedict, Lancashire knots it tight.

ab Evan, the contracted patronymic that built the National Health Service.

From the herdsman's hut, the northern Norse-locative that gave the Salvation Army its founder.

Son of Owen, the patronymic of the great Welsh princely name.

Lord Boyd of Kilmarnock, Ayrshire's regents and rebels.

Two unrelated families, one Anglicisation, Donegal kings and the Earls of Cork.

The broad clearing in the wood.

The spirited ones of Breifne, lords in Cavan.

Of Idough and Corcachlann, and the highwayman of the ballad.

The howling moor, Haworth Parsonage in one breath.

By the brook, every wet valley had one.

Descriptive, the brown one, third most common surname in Scotland.

Norman blood, Scottish crown, the line that won Bannockburn.

House of the canon, guardians of the Loch Lomond shore.

The de Burgo Lords of Connacht, Hibernis ipsis Hiberniores.

The homestead by the stream.

By the burn, the small-stream surname the poet made into Scotland's own.

The fortified farmstead, a name from a hundred villages.

American political dynasty, four generations of senators, governors and presidents.

The cellarer's name, and the Earls of Ormond of Kilkenny.

Of the Wicklow Mountains, the unconquered lordship at the back of the Pale.

Son of Alexander, made Manx — the Mac worn down to a hard C.

Sons of Lochiel, fierce in the Stewart cause.

From Argyll, the great political clan of the west.

The carter, and the man who opened Tutankhamun's tomb.

The Ulster Anglo-Norman line, and the humanitarian who became a republican.

Dukes of Devonshire, the Chatsworth dynasty.

Burghley and Salisbury, three centuries at the head of English government.

The merchant, fair and street.

Mann's first family — mutineer, martyr and Deemster.

The church on the hill, a ducal surname the world recognises.

The clerk, the literate man, when literacy was a profession.

Annalists of Tír Chonaill, and the surname of the 1916 Proclamation's first signatory.

A border clan of jurists and queen's men.

Coal-black or Saint Nicholas' pet form.

Columban saint-name or Nicholas' man.

The man who beat the Empire, and the family of west Cork.

Of Connemara and the Fews, and the founder of Irish socialism.

The cook.

The cooper, cask and keg.

A Norse name in a Gaelic island — the Scandinavian thread in Manx blood.

Son of Augustine — a Manx parish name turned builder's byword.

The cock, youth and pride.

The ford of the crows, an upper-Clydesdale name.

The chief minister of the Reformation, and the Lord Protector.

Earls of Glencairn and Ayrshire's milk-pail name.

The courteous one, Norman manners joke.

Of Corca Adain, the bardic family that taught Gaelic Ireland to write.

Two-word motto, three centuries of soldiering.

Sons of David, Clan Chattan of Strathspey.

Son of David, born of the patron saint's name and densest in his own corner of Wales.

Son of David, one spelling among England's commonest.

The Mayo cottier family that came back from Lancashire to found the Land League.

Son of Daw, a Yorkshire patronymic.

David, dairy, or daylight jest.

Son of little Richard, London fog in print.

Royal house of Deheubarth, the Lord Rhys.

Son of Dick, a Borders patronymic.

Lords of Inishowen, and the revolt that triggered the Plantation of Ulster.

One of the most powerful houses in medieval Scotland.

Dark stranger, the Hiberno-Norse families of the south-east coast.

The dark one, erenagh family of the Clogher diocese.

The brown warrior, Duncan the king and the Robertson sept.

Lords of Iregan, the great surname of Slieve Bloom.

Son of Edward, densest along the eastern marches where the name first crossed.

Malvern Hills in orchestration.

One of the great riding clans of the Borders.

Son of Elijah, the prophet's name in Tudor English compression.

Earls of Mar, and 'Bobbing John', who led the '15.

Son of John, by the Welsh road, the cousin name of Jones.

Lords of Annaly, and the family that gave Longford town its name.

Sweeter from hardship, the descendants of Fergus across many countries.

The fisher, and the Bishop of Rochester at Tower Hill.

Hibernis ipsis Hiberniores, the Geraldines of Kildare and Desmond.

The only Mac to become a Fitz, kings of Osraighe, by Tudor grant.

Arrow-makers to the great clans, patriots in their own right.

The reddish one, across three Ó Floinn septs.

Lord Forbes, Scotland's senior baron, of Aberdeenshire.

The crossing, stamped on Shakespearian country.

The forester's shortening.

The fox, nickname that stuck.

Of Lovat, 'I am ready'.

Of Tír Chonaill and the household cavalry of the O'Donnell.

The gardener, keeper of the manorial garden.

Gib's son, industrial northeast.

The last native-born Prince of Wales, and the longest revolt the Welsh would ever raise.

The Cocks of the North, Earls and Dukes of Aberdeenshire.

Smiths of Clan Chattan, and the Prince of Scottish Fiddlers.

Of Grægham, the Anglo-Norman knight who became one of Scotland's great houses.

Stand fast, Craigellachie — the clan of Strathspey.

The grey one, descriptive, aristocratic, or anatomical.

The green, the common before it was a party colour.

Son of the strong lord, the patronymic of Llywelyn the Last.

Dukes of Westminster, the wealthiest landowners in Britain.

Earls of Iveagh, brewers and statesmen since 1759.

At the hall.

Dukes second only to the crown, and once heirs to it.

Royal house of Britain, 1714-1901, the dynasty of empire.

Son of Hann, a Pennine patronymic.

The bold one, a Norman nickname.

Harry's son, the West Country spelling, and the Welsh chapel surname of Howell Harris.

Son of Harry.

At the sign of the hart.

Breton battle-name, English orchard now.

Hereditary Constables of Scotland, second only to the crown.

The enclosure, hedged common.

Hainaut or hedged field, context splits.

The ingenious one, Donoughmore in mid-Cork.

Bodyguards of the chiefs of MacDonald of Glencoe.

From Henry, the home-ruler Norman first name borne by nine English kings.

Marcher house of Pembroke and Raglan, the bridge between the Welsh gentry and the Tudor court.

On the hill, and the Penny Post and the National Trust.

The young ones of Ormond, a Dalcassian name.

The holme, dry ground in the wet country.

Little Hodge, border favourite.

Norman guardian-name, and Howard ducal house.

Son of Hywel the Good, the surname of the great Welsh law-king.

Son of Hudd, the Yorkshire patronymic carried into Hudson Bay.

Son of Huw / son of Aodh, Welsh patronymic and Irish Mac Aodha under one spelling.

The hunter, chase and warren.

Son of Jack, the industrial north's signature.

From Jacob, through Latin Iacomus to Welsh Iago to Tudor English James.

Little John, Welsh thumbprint on English registers.

Son of John, the most-Anglo-Saxon-sounding Norman name in the English census.

The fighting Johnstons of the Western Borders.

Son of John, and roughly one in twenty Welsh-descended people in the world.

Of Iar Connacht and Galway city, one of the Tribes, and the family of James Joyce.

Second most common Irish surname, the Uí Maine of Galway, and six other dynasties besides.

Of Ormond and the Dál Cais, Brian Boru's nephews.

Late but in earnest, riding clan of the Roxburgh marches.

Six generations of stewardship over the British China trade, from Edinburgh to Hong Kong.

When the village crowned someone 'king' for a day, and the jest lasted six centuries.

Son of Niall, worn smooth into a Manx name.

Servant of the knight, not the knight himself.

The lane, hedge-bottom dweller.

Laurence of Rome, England's Registers repeat him.

The meadow, and a clearing-name stamped on dozens of villages.

An ancient earldom that bred a king consort.

Soldiers of fortune, Scots field-marshals across Europe.

Llywelyn anglicised, a princely name carried into common use across the Marches and the south.

Son of Llywelyn, the surname of the last Prince of Wales.

Llwyd, the grey one, the great descriptive surname of the central Welsh ridge.

The long one.

Dweller by the mound, a Marches hill-name.

From Luke the Evangelist, a church name made surname.

Of the Tribes of Galway, and, by tradition, of the phrase 'Lynch law'.

The largest of the Highland clans, Lords of the Isles.

The Hebridean lordship in Ireland, the Glens of Antrim and the Route.

Heirs of Somerled, lords of Lorn.

The persecuted clan, proscribed but never broken.

Strathnaver and the Mackay country, the kindred of Cape Wrath.

Earls of Seaforth, masters of Ross and Cromarty.

Captains of Clan Chattan, of Moy Hall.

Of Mull and Duart, Gillian of the Battle Axe's line.

Of Dunvegan, on Skye, keepers of the Fairy Flag.

Of Ulva, and the Father of Australia.

Of Lough Erne, the lake-kingdom of Fermanagh.

Sons of the bear, lords of the Mizen Head.

Disciples of Columba, admirals and aimers-high.

The stable office, court rank, surname for thousands.

The saint's name, English and Norman registers alike.

The operative mason.

Royal house of Powys, central kingdom of medieval Wales.

Matthew's son, March and Welsh edge.

Caerlaverock and the Solway shore, the great Border clan of the south-west.

Of Desmond and Cashel, the line of the Eóganachta.

Sons of the Norseman, kings of Inishowen.

Ulster Scot banking dynasty that ran America's Treasury under three presidents.

Son of the great lord, princely surname of Deheubarth.

The miller, water and wind before steam.

By the mill, wheels on every river.

Of Michael, the diminutive that became its own surname in north-east Scotland.

By the moor, or sons of Mórdha; English heath and Irish sept under one Anglicisation.

The name that named a kingdom, Morgannwg's enduring patronym.

Son of Maurice, the Norman name that took English root.

Of Pabbay and the Outer Hebrides, the brieves of Lewis, hereditary judges under the Lordship of the Isles.

The moor settlement, marcher villages.

Dweller by the moor, the Mures of Rowallan.

From the Roe to Foulis, the clan of the Black Isle's northern shore.

The most common surname in Ireland, three independent dynasties, all 'sea warrior'.

Dukes of Atholl, and Jacobite generals.

Dweller by the mire, or the steward at his post.

Inventors of logarithms and Celtic earls of Lennox.

Son of Niel, Norfolk's victory surname.

The new man, the village byname that named a Cardinal.

The new farm, half of England is a Newton.

Inaugurators of Leinster, chiefs of Forth in Carlow.

Of Thomond and the Dál Cais, the line of Brian Boru.

Eóganacht Cashel, kings of Munster, Anglicised as Callaghan.

The blind harper, the bridge between Gaelic bardic and European baroque.

Ely O'Carroll, kings of north Tipperary into the Tudor age.

The family of Daniel O'Connell, The Liberator, and the most influential Catholic of 19th-century Britain.

The royal house of Connacht, the last high kings of Ireland.

Tír Chonaill, Red Hugh's escape, and the Flight of 1607.

The royal house of Tír Eoghain, Hugh O'Neill's earldom and the Flight of the Earls.

Stately ones, lords of Iveragh.

The third most common Irish surname, and the family of Donal Cam's march.

The princely name, Owain in Welsh, the surname of the last revolt and the first Tudor.

The palm-bearer, pilgrimage turned patronymic.

The parker.

The Cheshire-Parnells of Avondale, and the uncrowned king of Ireland.

Son of Harry, the Welsh ap-Harry compressed into a single syllable.

Son of Patrick, the Lowland patronymic of Scotland.

The villager's joke, worn with honour now.

From Piers, the Norman face of Peter.

The surname of the first signatory of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic.

Earls and Dukes of Northumberland, seven hundred years at Alnwick Castle.

Pear-orchard or Peter's kin.

Son of Peter, the rock-name made patronymic.

Son of Philip, Welsh ap Phylip and Norman patronymic under one spelling.

Royal house of England, 1154-1485, the longest dynasty in English history.

Of the Pale and the saint, Saint Oliver Plunkett, the last Catholic martyr in England.

The gate, the burden, same spelling.

ap Hywel, the contracted patronymic that descends from Hywel Dda, the king who wrote Welsh law.

The Decies of Waterford, Norman barons since 1170, still resident.

ap Rhys, the Welsh contraction working on the name of a king.

ap Richard, the contraction is the mechanism, written into the name.

ap Hugh, the Welsh contraction working on a Norman name.

Son of Paul, contracted Manx-style — the island's signature surname.

Son of William — and the Manx hand at Nelson's wheel at Trafalgar.

Son of Conn — Manx on the island, scattered through the diaspora.

Of Conn the Hundred-Battler, three distinct lordships, one Anglicised name.

Old Gaelic Mac Cuirc, clipped to a single Manx syllable.

The marsh edge, or ruddy jest.

From Rhys, the name of the most consequential prince of 12th-century Wales.

The red one, descriptive Scots surname, dense in the Lothians and the Borders.

Kings of East Bréifne, and the family that gave English the phrase 'the Reilly money'.

Son of Reynold, the counsel-ruler Norman first name.

Son of Richard, the -s patronymic that crossed the Marches.

Son of Richard.

Strong in the north, the patronymic of Robert, second to Williams in Caernarfonshire.

Children of Duncan, fierce when roused.

Son of Robin, the Danelaw's favourite -son, and the first woman President of Ireland.

Son of Roger, the famous-spear Norman first name.

Of Kilravock, Norman roots in the Highlands.

The promontory clan, earls of the North.

Bankers of empire, peerage 1885.

Victorian conscience of craft.

Norman nickname for the red-haired; Dukes of Bedford and ten thousand leaseholds.

Of Owney and Aherlow, the densest Tipperary surname.

Alexander's son, Cornish and Wessex thick.

Of the Borders, Buccleuch, Walter Scott, and the Antarctic.

Stratford tradesmen before troubadours, the world's best-known syllables on a modest guildman's signboard.

The keen one, a nickname kept.

The copse-edge, Lancashire loves it.

Simon's son, Tyne to Tees, and the Edinburgh obstetrician of chloroform.

Earls of Orkney and Caithness, and builders of Rosslyn.

The forge surname, the most common occupational name in Scotland and the world.

The steward, from pantry to peerage.

Earls of Derby, kingmakers at Bosworth, two Prime Ministers.

Stephen's line, southwestern -ens spelling.

From High Stewards to the throne, the royal name of Scotland.

The stone, boundary-mark name.

Sudr-land, the southern land of the Norse, and the clan that took its name.

The south farmstead.

Hebridean gallowglass, household cavalry of Tír Chonaill.

The Yorkshire-Swift attorney's son, Dean of St Patrick's, Drapier, Gulliver.

The tailor, Norman-French occupational, Scots and English in parallel.

The roof thatcher's craft, straw and laths long before politics borrowed the name.

The fifth Welsh surname, son of Thomas, on the same Tudor-era road as Jones and Williams.

The northern Thomases.

Son of Thomas, the Lowland Scots form, no 'p', distinguishing it from English Thompson.

The German, a Norman byname for an incomer.

Welsh in origin, English in destiny, the line that took the throne at Bosworth.

The lathe.

Of the valleys, a Norman name on the Scots-Irish road.

Fychan, the younger, the descriptive surname that marks a son.

The cloth-fuller, the foot trade that thickened the medieval weave.

For liberty, the patriot's family.

The fourth most common Irish surname, the families the Irish called 'the Welsh'.

The settlement of strangers, England mapped it eighty times.

The watchman.

Son of little Walter, the Norman first name that took Welsh root.

Son of Wat, the Lowland patronymic that produced both the steam engine and Sherlock Holmes's friend.

The weaver.

She wove, northern -ster craft name.

By the springs, the southern-English locative that named the War of the Worlds.

The west.

The western farm, toponym epidemic.

The wheelwright at his bench.

The fair one.

The Roscommon planter line, the surgeon-archaeologist, and the writer who lost his name to a trial.

Son of little William, the northern patronymic that bored Watt's cylinders.

Son of William, second only to Jones in Welsh density, and first in the north.

Son of Will, second most common surname in Scotland, behind Smith.

Royal house of Britain, 1917 to today (and Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1901).

By the wood.

The maker, every guild town shaped one.

Wynn of Gwydir, dominant North Wales gentry.

The Drumcliffe-Sligo Anglo-Irish, and the poet who imagined a country into being.

Descriptive, the younger, sister surname to Vaughan in Wales and Óg in Ireland.